Applying Counting Method Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying Counting Method - Speech or Presentation Example At first we had 5 choices, then 4, and then 3.The total number of options was 5*4*3=60. We had to pick three pupils out of the five. To do this, we had to start with all the 5 options, then4, and, lastly, 3 when we ran out of the top three positions. The factorial for this is: 5! =5.4.3.2.1, but we only need 5*4*3 .So how do we get rid of 2*1? If we do 5!/2!, we get this: 5!/2!=5.4.3.2.1/2.1=5.4.3we used 2, because this is what remained after picking the top three positions. This can further be expressed as: 5! / (5-3)! This means that we use the first three numbers of 5! On the other hand, combination is very simple, since the order does not matter. Dog, cat, and a goat. Let’s figure out how many different ways these animals can be rearranged. We have 3 choices for the first animal, 2 for the second animal, and 1 for the last one. Therefore, we have 3*2*1 ways to rearrange the animals. Since there are 30 runners for the qualifier, the first run can be ran by all of them, the 2nd by 29, the 3rd by 28, the 4th by 27, and so on until the remaining individual is one in the track. Hence, the answer is 30

Critically evaluate the key concepts and processes of innovation Essay

Critically evaluate the key concepts and processes of innovation - Essay Example Multinational enterprises organizes themselves into clusters in order to exploit benefits within the clusters for example they have explained that international corporation spread knowledge in different economies rather than inter firm networks .Multinational enterprises are crucial actors In innovation globally and contributes greatly on knowledge based economy .technology transfer of knowledge from multinational to foreign subsidiaries is more labor productive than in local companies hence the productivity advantage of multinationals .Research and development has been internalized by decision makers in government and this has increased innovations with multinational cooperation’s have built up their sales distribution and operations base in foreign countries.(Kinchella,2001). Innovation Innovation has being defined as the ability of affirm to devote resources into innovating new areas which have not being explored and exploiting. For example he tried to explain how socializi ng of managers has contributed to increased integration ( Mudambi & Swift, 2012) the only Way to achieve this is by through research and Foreign direct investment is geared towards exploiting existing ownership development(R&D) actitivities to trap unutilized resources globally. Innovation can only be achieved through foreign direct investment by multinationals corporations which transfer technology and hence end up benefiting the local industries mainly from spillovers and capturing absorptive capability of potential benefits from FDI (Zhao & Zhang 2006). Environment affects innovations and adaptation of new technology and improve overtime in order to enhance technological capabilities and competitive advantage such decisions are influenced by the incentives , markets skills , capital and suppliers as well as institutions which firm interacts with . Hence innovation is an interactive process which links agent’s responds to the market and this determines the rate of generatio n adaptation acquisition and dissemination of technology in productive activities. Innovation has played an important role in shaping policies and how interactions and linkages between actors bring about market failures the interactions between firms and non firm sectors i.e. universities and research and development. Innovation seeks to improve and find new ways of doing things. For example, in the European union states such as Czech Republic and Hungary used protectionist policy to encourage multinational enterprises (Narula & Guimon, 2008). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most used methods to show how innovation has helped provide positive externalities into the local economies multinational companies transfer technology to the foreign subsidiaries that can be appropriated by local firms (Garcia& Huergo 2008). Technology transfer Technological clusters enable flow of local knowledge and innovations. This knowledge is tactical and involves new concepts and ideas like in research and development where innovation requires high knowledge in its creation. This enables transmitting knowledge from one person to another and increases labor productivity and specialization (Castelles, 1999). Technology is defined as a scientific knowledge of methods used to advance in how we do our daily activities in expanding growth in the host. Research and development is the only way to explore new ways of producing goods and services. To

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis Executive Summary: This report is about the Mountain Dew, which was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. It was launched without any prior research of the market. It is a product of Pepsi Cola Inc. Originally it was a private brand, which was later purchased by Pepsi Cola Inc. In this short report first I will explore the reasons of its failure in Pakistan, and then I will suggest a marketing plan to re-launch. Mountain Dew world wide usually target sports oriented and adventure seeking people but due to pattern of living in Pakistan is different so I am going to position it as a refreshing drink with a unique energizing and citrus taste. It competitors include 7 UP (another product of Pepsi which is holding 52 % of share) and Sprite ( a product of Coca Cola holding 38% of market share)in a different way. Threat for re-launching Mountain Dew is that it might affect the sale of 7 UP which is another product of Pepsi Cola Inc. The area which I select to re-launch Mountain Dew is Karachi which is one of the major cities of Pakistan. Company PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in purchase, New York, with interests in manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and cereal-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi brands, the company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito Lay, Naked, Tropicana, Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7UP (outside the USA). [1] Mission Our mission is to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. [2] Product Mountain Dew, currently stylized predominantly as Mtn Dew, is a soft drink distributed by PepsiCo, but remains its own brand. The formula was made and first marketed in Marion, VA, Knoxville and Johnson City, Tennessee, USA through the 1940s, then in Fayetteville, North Carolina by Barney and Ally Hartman. By 1964, it was being distributed across United States. The formula still used today was created by Bill (William) Jones. As of 2007, Mountain Dew was the 4th best selling carbonated soft drink in the United States, behind Coca-Cola Classic, Pepsi-Cola, and Diet Coke. Mountain Dews Diet version ranked 9th in sales. On October 15, 2008, Mountain Dews official logo was redesigned to Mtn Dew, as a result of a PepsiCo re-branding of its core products. Currently in the UK, a new drink called Mountain Dew Energy has been introduced into the energy drink market. Mountain Dew was previously marketed in the UK in 1995, with a TV spot having the strap line Wild color, smooth taste. It was unsuccessful, and the sale of Mountain Dew in the UK was discontinued (except for imports) by 1997. [3] Mountain Dew in Pakistan (Situation Analysis): Mountain Dew was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. but failed to capture the market due to many reasons. Reasons of Failure Timing: It was launched at the end of July, but summer season in most part of the Pakistan starts from March and ends on September. So the timing to launch this product is not good. Packaging: It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed. Distribution: Timing to launch Mountain Dew also affects the delivery and distribution system. Distributors did not take huge quantity of the drink. Fragmented Launching: The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. Awareness: Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Market Situation: In Pakistan consumption of soft drinks in high. So the market is very attractive for new entrants. The sales are remarkably high during summer and cultural occasions like Eid, Ramadan, Birthday parties etc. Majority population in Pakistan is from middle and lower class. Thus high prices of non-essential goods are not acceptable. So company has to be careful in setting or increasing prices. Competitive Situation: The major competitors for Mountain Dew will be 7 UP, Teem and Sprite These competitors are charging same pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Rs.15 for disposable 250 ml bottle and Rs.10 for regular 250 ml bottle. Teem has very little advertisement where as 7 UP and Sprite are supported by Television advertisements, billboards etc. MARKETING PLAN I am going to re-launch it. I am assigning this product a separate business unit supported by required finance and facilities in the city of Karachi. Population of Karachi is estimated at 18 million. It is the best place for launching any product. People of Karachi are more risk taker and consider being a trendsetter for the rest of the country. Mountain Dew manufacturing plan will be located at SITE Industrial Area because of availability of resources like labor, electricity and most important water which plays an important role in manufacturing of soft drinks. Market Targeting Strategy A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Positioning: Mountain Dew will be positioned as Refreshing and Energizing soft drink. Product Line: Mountain Dew will be launched in different packaging after getting success in a market. Price: Its price will be same as of its competitors. Distribution Outlets: Two channels will be used for distributionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Direct channel (sale promotion officers) Indirect channel (retail outlets). Mountain Dew will be provided to 10500 of these outlets. Company will generate 75% of sale from these outlets. Sales Force: 50 sales promotional officer will be hired who are responsible for the direct sales to institutions i.e. marriage halls, hotels, offices, universities. Sale Promotion: Discount will be offered to retailers and distributors. Consumers are offered with buy one get one free offers. Advertising: Initially company will have to spent huge amount on advertising to create awareness. Commercials on entertainment channels and Fm radio will be on aired 30 times a day for at least a month. Company will also advertise through news papers, billboards, banners. Marketing Research: Keeping in view of objective to satisfy customers efficiently and effectively, marketing team will keep in touch with customers to identify their buying preferences, taste etc. Building Customer Satisfaction Value Retention Mountain Dew is trying to get the image of refreshing soft drink with unique taste. Sales team, shopkeepers at retail outlets will be friendly and supportive with customers in forwarding their suggestions and complaints to the company. Objective is to delight customers once it is achieved it will create emotional bond with the brand. Customer Satisfaction Survey: Mountain Dew will have to conduct surveys after every three months for the first year of launching in order to identify customers satisfaction and dissatisfaction level and implement those changes suggested by surveys. Delivering Customer Value and Satisfaction After identifying the customer value and satisfaction factors the next important thing is to effectively deliver those values. Here is suggested value chain system for Mountain Dew. Primary Activities Inbound Logistic and Operations: Mountain Dew will be manufactured using advance technology and processing facility located at SITE Industrial Area, Karachi. Team of potential and experienced individual will be hired to support its operations. Outbound Logistic: Delivery of Mountain Dew in Karachi will be through Distributors. Distributors will be divided according to regions like East, West, North and South. If there are places beyond distributors access, Mountain Dew will use its delivery vans. Marketing: Different medias will be used for promotions and making consumers aware of the product unique features. Support Activities: Supporting activities like procurement, human resource, accounting etc. will be carried out by separate departments established for these purposes. Scanning Marketing Environment Now we are going to analyze macro environment, the demographic, economic, technological, political-legal and social cultural, for the re-launch of Mountain Dew. Demographic Environment The first of the macro environmental force is population. The company is interested in the size, density and growth rate of population of Karachi. Karachi Population Growth: Karachis population consists of 18 million people and population growing at the rate of 5% per annum. Population can be divided into five different aged groups: school-age children, teenagers, young adults aged 25 to 40, middle aged adults age 40 to 65 and age 65 and above. Company has to target decision makers that are young adults. Economic Environment Purchasing power determines the economic environment of a country. Purchasing power depends on income, prices, savings etc. The income level of people in Karachi is very low, trends of savings is not there. Economy is dependent on foreign debts. Majority of people in Karachi are salaried or daily wages labor. Average family income is round about Rs. 6000 or less. Technological Environment I dont consider technology as important factor for Mountain Dew. Political Legal Environment Political and legal environment affects marketing decisions. Pakistan is politically unstable. It gives negative indicator to foreign investors. So company has to seek some sort of assurance for the responsibility of regulating business from some agencies. Social cultural Pakistan has a mix culture. People are following inherited tradition, traditional norms and values. Due to high poverty people can not afford very cost. Many families in Pakistan live under one roof, so purchasing patterns of consumers are highly influenced by the advices and recommendations of other family members. Mountain Dew is being re-launched in Karachi, which is the largest city of Pakistan in terms of population, size and area. Here soft drinks are utilized through out year due to hot weather. The People of Karachi are considered trendsetters of the country. Competition Mountain Dew has identified its competitors as 7 UP, Sprite, Teem that are substitute for each other with a very little difference in taste and filling where as Mountain Dew falls in this category with unique taste and packaging. Mountain Dew has to face tough competition from Sprite (brand of Coca-Cola Company) and 7 UP (brand of Pepsi) both constitute 92% the market share. Competitors Profile Coca Cola Inc The Coca-Cola Company began its operation in Pakistan in 1953. Its brands include Coca-Cola ®, Fanta ®, Sprite ®. It has approximately 70000 retail outlets in its distribution list. The Coca-Cola Company sponsors the Basant Festival in Lahore, a festival that marks the beginning of spring and attracts tourist from all over the world. It also sponsor music concerts through out the country for teenagers and underprivileged children. The Coca-Cola company is the selected supplier for Pakistan Railway, serving soft drinks in stations, platform and on trains. 7 UP Pepsi Cola Inc. launched 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. It is consider as the market leader in the white drinks category. Pepsi Cola introduced 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. Today 7 UP is considered the market leader in the white drinks category. 7 UP is financially strong and well established brand. Competitive Strategy for Mountain Dew Mountain Dew is new to the soft drink market of Pakistan as it was failed in the previous experience due to not having good marketing strategy. After analysis I recommend following strategy moves for Mountain Dew in order to compete with 7 UP and Sprite. Product Proliferation Now it will be provided in variety of sizes (see table 1.1) in order to increase the consumption and making price conscious consumer buy the product as they will purchase it according to their specific need. Product Innovation Mountain Dew itself is an innovative product in the market of Pakistan because of it unique citrus taste and energizing attributes. Distribution Innovation Mountain Dew will not only rely on distributors but it will develop its own distribution channel in order to get access to the market from all the dimensions. Market Segmentation A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Geographic At start it will be launched in Karachi city only after that it will be introduced in the rest of Sindh, Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan. Developing an Advertising Program Advertisement is a cost effective way to circulate messages, whether, build brand preference or to educate people. Advertising Objective Convince the market of the brand superiority. Type of Advertising As Mountain Dew is at its initial stage, we will use informative advertising, making people aware of the product, its quality and benefits of using the product. Advertisement Budget Mountain Dew is at the beginning of product life cycle, as consumers are not aware of it, thus large investment will be required for advertisement. Advertising Message Forget past as its gone, look new and choice new which is Mountain Dew. Selecting Media For Mountain Dew advertisement we will chose media that is cost effective and covering large number of audience. As it is customer-oriented company, its goal is to serve maximum number of customers. Electronic Media Electronic media will be used for advertising Mountain Dew i.e. TV. Its commercials will be on aired on PTV (Pakistans national Channel) and entertainment channels like ARY Digital, Hum TV and GEO Entertainment. Print Media Apart from electronic media company will advertise in newspapers like The News, Dawn and Magazines like Akhbar-e-Jehan. Billboards Billboards will be place on all major areas of the cities like Deltons, SITE, Korangi Bridge, FTC etc. Sales Promotion: Sale promotion tools we are going to use for Mountain Dew are as under: Free Trials Free trails will be offered for the first week to 2000 consumer who visited retail outlets. Prizes / Contest For the first two month company will attach coupon to each bottle, after filling it customer will return this coupon to retailer who then forward to company, through lucky draw on weekly basis consumer will be awarded prizes like motorbike, bicycle, mobile etc. Critical Reflection on Learning Outcomes Mountain was first launched in 1994. It tried to get the image of activating and energetic soft drink with a unique citrus taste, providing customer with a highest product value. Customer had wide range of choices in selecting product quantity. Mountain Dew offered the same price as its competitors were offering i.e. Rs. 10 for regular bottle but with additional quantity of 50 ml. the reason it failed to capture the market was market plan. Following were the problem with there marketing plan: 1. Company introduced the product at the end of July, but summer season in Pakistan starts from march and ends on September, so the timing to introduce the product was not good. 2. It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed 3. The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. 4. Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Why Organization Need Marketing Plan It is an essential document for both large corporate marketing departments and for startup companies. The Marketing Plan is generally undertaken for one of the following reasons: Needed as part of the yearly planning process within the marketing functional area. Needed for a specialized strategy to introduce something new, such as new product planning, entering new markets, or trying a new strategy to fix an existing problem. Is a component within an overall business plan, such as a new business proposal to the financial community? When writing the business plan, the Marketing Plan section explains how youre going to get your customers to buy your products and/or services. The marketing plan, then, will include sections detailing your: Products and/or Services and your Unique Selling Proposition Pricing Strategy Sales/Distribution Plan Advertising and Promotions Plan The easiest way to develop your marketing plan is to work through each of these sections, referring to the market research you completed when you were writing the previous sections of the business plan.

A Government Older Than Its Country Essay -- Greek and Roman democracy

Although almost everything in American architecture, language, military concepts, and ideals can be traced back to both Roman and Greek cultures, the single most influential concept that has been retained from Rome and Greece is government set-up. Either the direct democracy of Greece or the elective democracy of Rome can be seen in modern America. Although seen more and more rarely in the United States, direct democracy still exists today. Direct democracy means that each person votes on decisions individually, as opposed to representative democracy in which an elected individual makes, or helps make decisions. This can be traced back to ancient Athens. When farmers and the working class became angered by the laws passed by Greece's wealthy, Great Council, they pleaded for demos kratia, which translates to democracy in English, and can be defined as; government by the people, " Gradually, Athenian leaders agreed that more Greeks should be allowed to participate in the Great Council's decision-making process"( dsusd.k12.ca.us). Currently, this form of government, which was admonished by the founders of the United States Constitution, is not seen frequently in the United States. Few examples can be seen, such as town meetings, voting in parent teacher associations, or other small town decisions where the amount of votes are abl e to be counted by hand in a short meeting. However, since many believe that The concept of democracy was started in ancient Greece, but the system held what one may even relate to the checks and balances of modern America. One of the most notable of these was The Boule, " The boule was a group of 500 men, 50 from each of ten Athenian tribes, who served on the Council for one year"( history.com). This ... ...ent/>. The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. "Roman Republic (ancient state [509 BC-27 BC])." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. . History.com, Staff. "Ancient Greek Democracy." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 1 Jan. 1996. Web. 1 May 2014. . "Sources of Ideas That Shaped The American Plan of Government." . Desert Sands Unified School District, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. . Trueman, Chris. "How was Rome governed." How was Rome governed. N.p., 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 1 May 2014. .

Analysis and Design of Software Architecture Essay

Outline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Development Process Requirements Quality Attributes Runtime QA Non-runtime QA Requirements Analysis: Example Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural Views Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 2 / 78 Development Process Methodology Diï ¬â‚¬erent software development processes have software architecture as a part of the process Rational uniï ¬ ed process Spiral development method Agile development method Evolutionary rapid development Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 3 / 78 Development Process Place of SA in SDP Figure: Source: Software Architecture Primer by Reekie, McAdam Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 4 / 78 Development Process Methodology After the initial requirements analysis but before software design The ï ¬ rst architecture is also a communication basis with the customer Inputs for the development of the architecture: 1 2 Requirements Context (technical, organizational, business, †¦) Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 5 / 78 Requirements Analysis At the beginning there is always a customer who wants a speciï ¬ c software system Customer â€Å"wishes† are always informal Interviews, some documents, some Excel tables, †¦ We need to analyze such informal records and structure it Requirements engineering is a huge ï ¬ eld but we just illustrate here one possibility Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 6 / 78 Requirements Analysis The results of the requirements analysis: 1 2 Functional requirements Non-functional requirements (a) Runtime qualities (b) Non-runtime qualities 3 Contextual requirements Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 7 / 78 Requirements Functional requirements A technical expression of what a system will do Arise from stakeholder needs Structured language: software requirements speciï ¬ cation Use cases: structured description of user interactions with the system Formal models: e.g. state-charts Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 8 / 78 Requirements Non-functional requirements Other needs than directly functional or business-related Generally expressed in the form of quality-attributes Runtime quality attributes Non-runtime quality attributes Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 9 / 78 Requirements Contextual requirements What technology is available? Expertise of the development team Previous experience of users/customers Technical, business, market, legal, ethical, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 10 / 78 Quality Attributes Need to address QAs Without any need for performance, scalability, †¦ any implementation of functionality is acceptable However, we always need to take into account the broader context E.g. hardware, technological, organizational, business, †¦ The functionality must be there but without proper addressing of QA it is worth nothing Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 11 / 78 Quality Attributes Inï ¬â€šuence on QAs Typically, a single component can not address a QA completely Any QA is inï ¬â€šuenced by multiple components and their interactions E.g. a UI component has a high degree of usability: however, usability of the system is compromised if a data management component has poor performance in accessing the data → users need to wait long → poor usability Components and their interactions → software architecture QAs are directly inï ¬â€šuenced by software architecture Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 12 / 78 Runtime QA PURS PURS (performance, usability, reliability, security) Performance: time performance, memory, disk, or network utilization Usability: human factors, easy to learn, easy to use, †¦ Reliability: availability, safety, †¦ Security: authentication, data protection, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 13 / 78 Runtime QA Performance Time performance is most obvious Measured in the number of operations per second Also, latency: the time from receiving an input and producing an output Other measures: memory, disk, network utilization or throughput Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 14 / 78 Runtime QA Performance Diï ¬â‚¬erent measures are typically traded oï ¬â‚¬ against each other E.g. increasing throughput may increase latency Time performance might be increased with more memory True performance of the system is not only deï ¬ ned by performance of single components But also by their interactions and the overall processes in the system Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 15 / 78 Runtime QA Performance factors Choice of algorithms Database design Communication Resource management Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 16 / 78 Runtime QA Choice of algorithms Performance of algorithms is measured by their complexity (big O) E.g. linear complexity: O(n) Running time increases in direct proportion to the size of the data E.g. polynomial complexity: O(n2 ) It does not scale: double size of the data – running time increased by factor of 4 Goal: O(nlog (n)) Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 17 / 78 Runtime QA Database design Performance of database queries can dominate the overall performance The design of the tables has enormous impact on the overall performance Techniques to improve it: lazy evaluation, replication, caching Some additional cost to manage replication and/or caching In-memory databases (real-time systems) Developing a new database (search engines) Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 18 / 78 Runtime QA Communication Network overhead Package data according to a protocol, sending data over network Each layer means additional overhead Think how to use network: packaging binary data as XML!? Use more compact formats, e.g. JSON vs XML Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 19 / 78 Runtime QA Resources management Overloaded components need to be avoided A chain is only as strong as its weakest link! E.g. a single-threaded shared resource is in use: all other threads are blocked Very diï ¬Æ'cult to track down Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 20 / 78 Runtime QA Usability Usability is a very rich ï ¬ eld If usability is important you will need a usability expert Combination of many factors: responsiveness, graphical design, user expectations, conï ¬ dence Measuring with time taken to complete task, error rate, time to response, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 21 / 78 Runtime QA Responsiveness and data availability An example of relations between QAs Usability requires that the system responds to user actions within a certain period of time If it is a complex system this need translates into performance along the path of the user action Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 22 / 78 Runtime QA Responsiveness and data availability Figure: Usability vs. Performance Source: Software Architecture Primer by Reekie, McAdam Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 23 / 78 Runtime QA Discussion on relations between QAs This diagram shows that we need to pay attention to tuning communication between B and Y Performance of the communication channel is a consequence of a usability requirement Do we need to support security of the communication channel? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 24 / 78 Runtime QA Discussion on relations between QAs This diagram shows that we need to pay attention to tuning communication between B and Y Performance of the communication channel is a consequence of a usability requirement Do we need to support security of the communication channel? We support QAs always only as a response to user needs Never because it is needed anyway! Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 24 / 78 Runtime QA Discussion on relations between QAs If we support security even if it is not needed Very often QAs exercise opposing forces on the system Security requires a lot of checking: performance will suï ¬â‚¬er → usability will suï ¬â‚¬er A minimalistic approach: develop only what is required! Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 25 / 78 Runtime QA Reliability In traditional engineering disciplines reliability measures the failure rate of the system Failure rate speciï ¬ ed by mean time to failure MTTF A related measure: mean time between failures MTBF MTTR is mean time to repair A is availability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 26 / 78 Runtime QA Reliability MTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A= MTTF MTBF MTTF MTTF +MTTR E.g. expected availability of Web systems: Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 27 / 78 Runtime QA Reliability MTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A= MTTF MTBF MTTF MTTF +MTTR E.g. expected availability of Web systems: 1 (always up-and-running) =⇒ MTTF → ∞ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 27 / 78 Runtime QA Reliability Increasing reliability involves testing However, impossible to prove that a system is correct, i.e. without bugs Acceptability of errors depends on the  nature of a system Personal desktop use: bugs are typically tolerated Enterprise level: medium reliability level High-reliable systems: bugs can be fatal Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 28 / 78 Runtime QA Security Increasingly important aspect of systems is security Because systems are exposed to threats Especially networked systems As with other QAs security is a set of related responses to user needs Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 29 / 78 Runtime QA Authentication Requirement for identiï ¬ cation of users with a system Users present credentials so that the system can identify them Typically username and password Other forms: certiï ¬ cates, smart cards, biometric features Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 30 / 78 Runtime QA Authorization After authentication authorization which functions and what data is available for users This information is captured in an authorization model Access control lists (ACL) deï ¬ ne who can access and how a resource might be accessed E.g. read access, write access, delete access, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 31 / 78 Runtime QA Authorization Drawbacks of ACLs It is resource based, e.g. a page in a CMS Often, authorization needs to address functions or tasks Also, managing of ACLs is diï ¬Æ'cult, e.g. subresources of resources Also, performance problems with checking Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 32 / 78 Runtime QA Authorization Another model: role-based access control (RBAC) Roles are used to manage many-to-many relations between users and permissions Roles are used to represent the job functions, e.g. author, teacher, student in an E-learning system Permissions are modeled as parts of roles, e.g. create page, create tests, †¦ Users are than assigned to a role and acquire automatically permissions of that role Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 33 / 78 Non-runtime QA MeTRiCS MeTRiCS (maintainability, evolvability, testability, reusability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability, scalability) Maintainability: how easy can you ï ¬ x bugs and add new features Evolvability: how easy your system copes with changes Testability: how easy can you test the system for correctness Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 34 / 78 Non-runtime QA MeTRiCS Reusability: how easy is to use software elements in other contexts, e.g. a software library Integrability: how easy you can make the separately developed components of the system work correctly together Conï ¬ gurability: how easy can a system be conï ¬ gured for diï ¬â‚¬erent installations and target groups Scalability: how easy the system copes with a higher performance demand Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 35 / 78 Non-runtime QA Maintainability This QA considers the whole lifecycle of a system What happens during system operation? Property that allows a system to be modiï ¬ ed after deployment wirh ease E.g. extensible, modiï ¬ ed behavior, ï ¬ xing errors Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 36 / 78 Non-runtime QA Maintainability At the design and implementation level Code comments Object-oriented principles and design rules Consistent programming styles Documentation Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 37 / 78 Non-runtime QA Maintainability Maintainability is very important because any software system will change over time Experience shows that such changes tend to degrade the system over time Software systems are subject to entropy The cumulative eï ¬â‚¬ect of changes degrades the quality of the system Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 38 / 78 Non-runtime QA Maintainability The systems tend to become messy systems Regardless of how a nice plan you had at beginning Design for change – recollect OO design rules Abstract messy parts of the system so that they can be exchanged Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 39 / 78 Non-runtime QA Maintainability Don’t be afraid to refactor and rewrite and redesign Each software vendor does this with major versions Create throw-away prototypes Think out-of-box and innovate Don’t always follow a hype – very often nothing new in hypes E.g. Web services Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 40 / 78 Non-runtime QA Testability Means to improve testability Test cases: if something fails there is a bug Separation of the testing framework and the system, i.e. testing with scripts from outside Logging Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 41 / 78 Non-runtime QA Conï ¬ gurability Ability of a system to vary its operational parameters without re-compiling or re-installing E.g. selecting appropriate database drivers, conï ¬ guring network parameters, †¦ Typically, realized by a set of conï ¬ guration ï ¬ les E.g. Apache Web server conï ¬ guration ï ¬ le sets host name, virtual hosts, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 42 / 78 Non-runtime QA Conï ¬ gurability Conï ¬ gurability interacts with other QAs such as testability, maintainability, reliability High degree of conï ¬ gurability tends to have a negative impact on those QAs Testing of diï ¬â‚¬erent system conï ¬ guration becomes more diï ¬Æ'cult → reliability compromised Conï ¬ gurable components will be strongly parametrized → decreased maintainability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 43 / 78 Non-runtime QA Scalability Ability of a system to increase its capacity without re-compiling or re-installing E.g. serving additional Web pages means only copying these Web pages into a Web server ï ¬ le system Sometimes increasing capacity means increasing hardware, e.g. Web server clusters Managing user session on the client side, means only providing additional code-on-demand from the server Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 44 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example System description Web-based Network Analysis Tool: W-NAT A simple and usable system for network analysis is needed. Networks are entities that contain not only individuals but also their connections with other individuals (see e.g. 3 for an example). The system accepts a network representations as a list of pairs of connected nodes stored in a dataset ï ¬ le. Nodes are represented as integers. An edge between two nodes is stored as a line containing two nodes delimited by a tabulator. Users might upload datasets to the systems and store them for further analysis. Each user might upload multiple datasets and can execute various analysis on those datasets. The system keeps the track of the analysis history for each user. Users may calculate degree distributions, network diameter, clustering coeï ¬Æ'cient, connectivity measures, singular values, and diï ¬â‚¬erent centrality measures. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 45 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example System description Web-based Network Analysis Tool: W-NAT Users can execute various calculations on multiple datasets in parallel. The system must not be blocked if a calculation is currently under way. Rather it should be possible to start a new calculation, or view previous calculations, etc. In case of longer calculations the system needs to notify the user by e-mail when the calculation is over. The results of the calculations should be available in textual and in graphical form. All results can be also downloaded to a local computer. The system will be used by a group of students that learn the basics of network analysis. It is expect that at any times the system will be used by multiple users executing multiple calculations. Since the system is primarily an educational tool it needs to be didactically sound, i.e. simplicity and usability are very important. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 46 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example System description 6 How to search in a small world Pajek Figure 2: HP Labs’ email communication (light grey lines) mapped onto the organizational hierarchy of HP Labs constructed out the e-mail communication. Figure: Social network(black lines). Note that communication tends to â€Å"cling† to of formal organizational chart. From: How to search a social network, Adamic, 2005. with one another. The h-distance, used to navigate the network, is computed as follows: individuals have h-distance one to their manager and to everyone they share a manager with. Distances are then recursively assigned, so that each individual has h-distance 2 to their ï ¬ rst neighbor’s neighbors, and h-distance 3 to their second Denis Helic (KMI, TU neighbor’s neighbors, etc. SA Analysis and Design Graz) Oct 19, 2011 47 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example System description Web-based Network Analysis Tool: W-NAT The system is a Web-based system and the users should be able to operate the system by using a standard Web browser. The users need not install any additional plugins to operate the system. User perceived performance of the system should be acceptable. In addition, standard Web usability concepts need to be followed. In particular, browser back button must be working at all times and it should be possible to bookmark pages at all times. Finally, standard Web design principles should be satisï ¬ ed, meaning that pages are valid (X)HTML pages in at least HTML Transitional. The system needs to support cross browser compatibility. Further, each page and each important application state needs to have a unique and human-readable URL. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 48 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR1: The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.1: UR1.2: UR1.3: UR1.4: UR1.5: Out-degree distribution In-degree distribution Cumulative out-degree distribution Cumulative in-degree distribution Hop plot Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 49 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR1: The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.6: Clustering coeï ¬Æ'cient UR1.7: Distribution of weakly connected components UR1.8: Distribution of strongly connected components UR1.9: Left singular vector UR1.10: Right singular vector Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 50 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR1: The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.12: UR1.12: UR1.13: UR1.14: UR1.15: Network singular values Degree centrality Closeness centrality Betweenness centrality Eigenvector centrality Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 51 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR2: Networks are stored in dataset ï ¬ les. UR3: The dataset ï ¬ le has the following format. NodeID1 NodeID2 UR4: Users can upload multiple datasets to the system. UR5: To perform an analysis users select a dataset and then choose a measure to calculate. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 52 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR6: For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7: Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8: When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9: The system notiï ¬ es users about a ï ¬ nished calculation by e-mail. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 53 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR6: For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7: Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8: When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9: The system notiï ¬ es users about a ï ¬ nished calculation by e-mail. When is this notiï ¬ cation needed? If the user is logged out? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 53 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11: Users can download the calculation results. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11: Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11: Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12: Users can register with the system. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11: Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12: Users can register with the system. How register? E-mail? Captcha? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Functional requirements UR10: The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11: Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12: Users can register with the system. How register? E-mail? Captcha? UR13: Users can login and log out. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 54 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security UR4: User-perceived performance must be acceptable Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security UR4: User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security UR4: User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security UR4: User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5: Web-based system should be available at all times. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR1: The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2: The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3: Authentication should be supported. Security UR4: User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5: Web-based system should be available at all times. Reliability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 55 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability UR8: Reliability of a Web-based system. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability UR8: Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability UR8: Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability UR9: Multiple users. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Non-functional requirements UR6: Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7: Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, conï ¬ gurability UR8: Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability UR9: Multiple users. Scalability Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 56 / 78 Requirements Analysis: Example Contextual requirements UR1: Web browser. UR2: Valid (X)HTML, at least (X)HTML Transitional. UR3: No browser plugins are allowed. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 57 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Analysis We analyze the requirements and try to identify so-called key concepts Understanding of the domain Static part of the domain We also try to identify key process and activities Dynamic part of the domain Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 58 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Design Design is the process of creating models (recollect the deï ¬ nition of SA) Two basic types of architectural models Structure and behavior Architectural structure is a static model of a system (i.e. how the system is divided into components) Architectural behavior is a dynamic model of a system (i.e. how the components interact with each other to perform some useful work) Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 59 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure The division of a system into components and connectors To represent the model: box-and-lines diagrams (to see at a glance important concepts) It is important to remember that diagrams are only representations of the model Diagrams must always be accompanied by additional material such as text, data models, mathematical models, etc. The combination of diagrams and additional material is an architectural model Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 60 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure What is a component? What is a connector? Components might be subsystems, separate processes, source code packages, †¦ Connectors might be network protocols, method invocations, associations, †¦ The combination of diagrams and additional material is an architectural model Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 61 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure Figure: Example of an architectural structure Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 62 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure In the diagram we have one user-interface and one database component But what is the criteria for deciding what is a component? Separate program modules? Separate threads or processes? Conceptual or functional division? And what about connectors? Network protocols? Callbacks? Request/response cycles? Method invocations? Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 63 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure What is the level of granularity of a diagram? E.g. for a Web-based system, components are servers and browsers and connector is HTTP But, components of a server are HTTP parser, ï ¬ le I/O, cache, plug-ins, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 64 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural structure Comparison with OO: a component is an object and a connector is a message sent between two objects Because models in OO are very well deï ¬ ned Therefore, we need additional information that accompanies diagrams To describe criteria for decomposition and provide explanations on granularity Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 65 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Complementing structure is architectural behavior Interaction of system elements to perform some useful work Functionality vs. behavior Functionality is what the system can do and behavior is the activity sequence Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 66 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Example: Accessing a tweets document Request is sent to the Web presentation layer That layer forwards the request to the application logic, e.g. TweetDeck TweetDeck contacts TweetViews to obtain a particular template, then retrieves the data from TweetDB wraps it into an HTML response and sends the response to TweetUI Functionality allows me to display a tweets document, behavior is the sequence of activities that makes it happen Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 67 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Each component has a set of responsibilities Behavior is the way how these responsibilities are exercised to respond to some event An event may be an action of the user or an event from an external system A particular behavior is an event plus a response in the form of a sequence of component responsibilities Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 68 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior To represent behavioral models we use use-case map notation by Buhr A use-case map consists of a trace drawn through a structural diagram of the system The path of the trace through a structural diagram shows the sequence of activities Each crossing of a component by the trace indicates exercising of a responsibility Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 69 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Figure: Types of traces in use-case maps Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 70 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior (a) Single trace – all responsibilities exercised sequentially (b) Two traces are consecutive: Equivalent to single trace but shows that continuation is triggered by another event (c) And-Fork: The traces after the line are potentially concurrent (run in parallel) Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 71 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Figure: Types of traces in use-case maps Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 72 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior (a) N-Way And-Fork: the trace after the fork may be replicated an arbitrary number of times (b) Or-Fork: The trace is split and activity proceeds along one or another path (c) Seq-Fork: The traces after the line are followed in the order indicated by the arrow Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 73 / 78 Architectural Analysis & Design Architectural behavior Figure: Example of architectural behavior Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 74 / 78 Architectural Views Architectural views We can examine a system from diï ¬â‚¬erent points of view Diï ¬â‚¬erent kinds of views Conceptual: components are set of responsibilities and connectors are ï ¬â€šow of information Execution: components are execution units (processes) and connectors are messages between processes Implementation: components are libraries, source code, ï ¬ les, etc and connectors are protocols, api calls, etc. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 75 / 78 Architectural Views Architectural views There are other models as well We will mention them but we will investigate only previous three models Data model describes the data Physical model describes servers, ï ¬ rewalls, workstations, †¦ Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 76 / 78 Architectural Views Architectural views Each view provides diï ¬â‚¬erent information about the structure of the system Each view addresses a speciï ¬ c set of concerns All views taken together is the primary means of documenting software architecture Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 77 / 78 Architectural Views Architectural views The conceptual architecture considers the structure of the system in terms of its domain-level functionality The execution architecture considers the system in terms of its runtime structure The implementation architecture considers the system in terms of its build-time structure Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 78 / 78

Hamlet’s First Soliloquy Essay

The tone of Hamlet’s first soliloquy begins as sad and depressed as Hamlet contemplates suicide. The tone changes to angry and bitter while Hamlet ponders the relationship between his mother and his uncle. Through Shakespeare’s use of diction and syntax he shows Hamlet’s disapproval of this relationship. In the first section of this soliloquy Hamlet is considering suicide but does not follow through with his thoughts because of religious reasons. This is apparent through Hamlet’s words, â€Å"or that the everlasting had not fixed his cannon ‘gainst self-slaughtered!† Shakespeare’s use of words such as flat, stale, and weary contributes to a tone of sorrow and sadness. The long, drawn out sentences also create a tone of distress. As an actor performing this soliloquy, I would act out this first section until â€Å"†¦seem to me all the uses of this world!† as a despondent tone. In the next section of the soliloquy Hamlet is angry with his mother because she married Hamlet’s uncle so soon after his father’s death. This section should be performed as incensed and bitter. It should demonstrate to the audience Hamlet’s disapproval of the relationship between his mother and uncle, as it is throughout this soliloquy. As Hamlet says, â€Å"So excellent a king that was to this Hyperon to a satyr.† he compares his uncle to his father. He also reminisces about the relationship between his parents when he says, â€Å"so loving to my mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although Hamlet remains angry with his mother, he becomes sad as he remembers his father’s gentle and loving ways. This should be performed as thoughtful and reminiscent. The remaining of the soliloquy up until the last sentence, Hamlet becomes bitter as he says the marriage between his mother and uncle is founded on lust and sex. With Hamlet’s words, â€Å"she would hang on him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  informs the audience of his mother’s dependence upon men. Hamlet then compares his mother to a beast. This metaphor enhances the point of how quickly she was  able to recover from her husband’s death. The phrase, â€Å"incestuous sheets† suggests Hamlet’s knowledge of what had gone on between the two even before his father’s death. This section would be best performed as extremely acrimonious and angry. The purpose of this soliloquy is to notify the audience of Hamlet’s awareness of both his mother and uncle’s guilt. While he may not accuse his mother of murder, he does indict her of having an affair with his uncle before his father’s death. He claims their relationship his based solely on lust and sex. Hamlet concludes his soliloquy with his frustration in saying he cannot say anything nor do anything about his knowledge and disapproval of his uncle’s actions and relationship with his mother. This is a tone of not only frustration but perhaps even disappointed because he can not act on his feelings of anger.

Csr And The Hospitality Industry In Mauritius Tourism Essay Essays

Csr And The Hospitality Industry In Mauritius Tourism Essay Essays Csr And The Hospitality Industry In Mauritius Tourism Essay Essay Csr And The Hospitality Industry In Mauritius Tourism Essay Essay CSR has been defined as the responsibility of the organisation to esteem persons rights and promote human public assistance in its operations ( Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995 ; Oppewal et al. , 2006 ) . Businesses non merely have the economic duty of being profitable and the legal duty to follow the Torahs or land regulations that guide their ability to accomplish their economic demands, but they besides have ethical duties that include a scope of social norms, or criterions ( Carroll, 2000 ) . CSR has been around for more than two decennaries. During the ulterior half of 20th century there arose the thought of the corporate societal contract, which today underlies the CSR construct. Given the sometimes inauspicious effects of concern determination doing on society every bit good as corporate trust on society, the impression of an implied corporate societal contract was conceived by societal and economic theoreticians. This contract spells out society s outlooks of concern every bit good as ( although much less discussed ) concern s outlooks of society ( Bowie, 1983 ) . There is no individual important definition of CSR ( ISO COPOLCO, 2002 ) . The CSR docket seems to be a slackly defined umbrella encompassing a huge figure of constructs traditionally framed as environmental concerns, public dealingss, corporate philanthropic gift, human resource direction and community dealingss. One of the most referred definitions is by World Business Council for Sustainable Development ( WBCSD ) ( 1999 ) that defines CSR as the go oning committedness by concern to act ethically and lend to economic development while bettering the quality of life of the work force and their households every bit good as of the local community and society at big . CSR means being a good steward of society s economic and human resources ( Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001 ) . In drumhead, CSR entails the duty stemming from the inexplicit societal contract between concern and society for houses to be antiphonal to society s long-term demands and wants, optimising the positive ef fects and minimising the negative effects of its actions on society. To synchronise that organisational societal duty concerns are treated in the same everyday mode in which legal, fiscal, and selling concerns are addressed, four theories of corporate societal duty have been advanced in the literature. The four places are the classical, stakeholder, societal demandingness, and societal militant theories. The classical theory is the oldest of the four, and is grounded in classical economic theory. First concern executives are said to be chiefly responsible to the stockholders of the corporation and their primary end is to advance efficiency and secure effectual economic public presentation. Secondly directors are said to be responsible to react to the stockholders demands. These positions are frequently thought to co-occur with each other, because it is normally assumed that the chief demand of stockholders is to maximise economic public presentation. In add-on, both versions agree that directors are to execute their corporate map harmonizing to the Torahs and, therefore, to avoid such things as fraud and misrepresentation. Friedman ( 1970 ) , points out Here the man of affairs self-selected or appointed straight or indirectly by shareholders is to be at the same time legislator, executive, or juristaˆÂ ¦He becomes in consequence a public employee, a civil retainer, even thoug h he remains in name an employee of a private endeavor. This theory, albeit the oldest of the four theories, is still good and alive ; it has many protagonists and advocates among academicians and practicians. The 2nd theory is the stakeholder theory which integrates the chief thought of classical theory, that is, corporate executives are responsible to shareholders. However, what differs it from classical theory is that other groups are straight affected by the behavior and determination of the house. These groups can employees, consumers, creditors, providers, and legal sub-systems who have a interest in the administration and who might impact, in one manner or another, the corporate determination doing procedure. Furthermore, corporate executives have a direct duty to advance the involvements of these groups. The chief dissension among stakeholder theoreticians, nevertheless, over whether stakeholder involvements of these groups take precedency over the fiscal involvements of shareholders or the stakeholder involvements are the overruling 1s. Social demandingness theoreticians argue that corporations have a duty to protect and advance certain involvements of the general populace. They agree with the stakeholder theorists that the involvements of stakeholder groups are of import, but they believe that these involvements do non overrule non-stakeholders involvements or demands for such things as safety, wellness, freedom, and prosperity. As with the stakeholder theory, this theory repudiates the impression that there is some balanced or reasonable list of touchable duties that corporate executives ever have toward society. The list varies as the nature and ranking of the involvements or demands of the public alteration. The 4th and concluding theory is the societal militant theory which is distinctively the most socially and morally demanding of the four theories. While holding with the stakeholders and societal demandingness theories that executives have duties toward stakeholders groups and the general populace, societal militants theoreticians argue that corporate directors should sometimes endeavor to set about undertakings that advance the involvements of the public even when these projects are neither expected nor demanded by them. Social militants theoreticians contend that such undertakings should, for the most portion, be in the country of corporate know-how, but they sometimes urge that executives intentionally take on societal undertakings for which they have no particular preparation or expertness 2.1 Types of CSR and Corporate Governance The impression that concern has responsibilities to society is steadfastly entrenched, although in the past several decennaries there has been a revolution in the manner people view the relationship between concern and society. Carroll ( 1979 ) and other research workers believe that we should judge corporations non merely on their economic success, but besides on non-economic standards. Carroll ( 1979 ) proposed a popular four-part definition of CSR, proposing that corporations have four duties or four faces ( Carroll, 2000b, p. 187 ) to carry through to be good corporate citizens: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic: Economic duty. Economic duty is to be profitable for principals, by presenting a good quality merchandise, at a just monetary value, is due to clients. Legal duties. Legal responsibilities entail following with the jurisprudence and playing by the regulations of the game Ethical duties. Ethical responsibilities overcome the restrictions of legal responsibilities. They entail being moral, making what is right, merely, and carnival ; esteeming peoples moral rights ; and avoiding injury or societal hurt every bit good as forestalling injury caused by others ( Smith and Quelch, 1993 ) . Philanthropic duty. Interest in making good for society, irrespective of its impact on the bottom line is what is called selfless, human-centered or beneficent CSR. giving back clip and money in the signifiers of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving is where most of the contention over the legitimacy of CSR lies. Corporate GOUVERNANCE ( CG ) Furthermore, CSR is closely linked with the Corporate Governance of the organisation, be it hotel organisation. Any of those types of CSR should get down in the hotel organisations foremost and so travel to external environment. The cardinal people should be taken into consideration so the CSR patterns should be geared towards the internal clients who will in bend become CSR delegates to make the external clients and environment. Companies must better their concern theoretical accounts by conveying CSR and sustainability into their scheme. Shleifer and Vishny ( 1997 ) define CG as the ways in which providers of finance to administrations assure themselves of acquiring a return on investing. Over the old ages, CG has evolved from the traditional profit-centered theoretical account . By integrating the community in which houses operate, the political environment, Torahs and ordinances, and more by and large the markets in which houses are involved. See Figure 1: The Business in Society which reflects a stakeholder position on the house ( Jensen, 2001 ) 2.1The Hospitality Industry -Definitions Definitions of the cordial reception have been approached from a figure of different positions. Most of them combine physiological and psychological elements with security and degrees of service. Hospitality is concerned with the proviso of physiological and psychological comfort with defined degrees of service. The satisfactions may be physiological ( thirst, bed, heat ) , economic ( value for money ) , societal ( company, service ) and psychological ( self-esteem, position, security ) . Beginning: C.Cooper, R.Shepherd, J. Westlake ( 1994 ) Even if the attack to specifying cordial reception may switch harmonizing to the writers, there are a figure of built-in elements that are common to all. These are: Hospitality is a complex combination of touchable and intangible characteristics and benefits Hospitality involves a fulfilling interaction between the service supplier and the client Hospitality provides invitees with security, psychological and physiological comfort by offering nutrient, drink and adjustment. Therefore, bearing in head the above features, a simpler definition of the cordial reception industry may be: The Hospitality Industry is involved with supplying adjustments, nutrient, drink, amusement, comfort and diversion for travellers off from their usual abodes and normal milieus. The industry besides of course look frontward to run into the customer`s needs for safety and support of their individuals, belongings, manners of transit, and even the changing intent of their travel. Talking by and large, those who make usage of cordial reception services demand attainment of a professional degree of quality consistent with universe criterions, although possibly adjusted for local conditions. They anticipate the installations will be clean, comfy, safe and secure. They expect good nutrient and drink at a sensible rate. Furthermore, they look for courtesy, friendliness, regard and designation from the host. Possibly more significantly they demand honestness, truth and equity in their traffics with the operator and his employees. Cordial reception Industry In Mauritius HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Mauritius, the first hotel was the Park Hotel in 1952 so as to suit the crew members coming at that clip. Then came the Mauritius Hotel, the first beach hotel, built in 1954 at Le Morne followed by Le Chaland, another beach hotel in 1961. But the existent development of touristry took topographic point shortly after Mauritius got its independency from the British. In early 1970`s the creative activity of Trou aux Biches Hotel by the Mauritius Hotels, the puting up of the Club Mediteranee and the Saint Geran Hotel by the Southern Sun Hotels every bit good as the Merville Beach Hotel by the ex-British Colons who wanted to come back here during the winter months of England. The Mauritius Hotel is now the Beachcomber group and the Southern Sun Hotels is the Sun International Resorts Limited. At present there are 95 hotels in Mauritius and there are non less than 5 more under building as per the registered list set by the Ministry of Tourism. The Numberss of hotels, suites and bed topographic points have increased invariably from 1991. Furthermore the Prime Minister has announced his vision to make 2 million tourers in 2015. Consequently an mean one-year growing of 10 % in tourer reaching is expected. In order to make this mark, an approximative figure of 18500 suites should be made available. This will convey about the creative activity of around 37000 direct occupations and duplicate the sum in footings of indirect occupations. Due to the rapid growing of touristry and cordial reception industry, authorities has introduced inducements for the private sector to convey in a sustainable development, viz. by corporate administration and corporate societal duty. This is accomplishable through proper public-private sector partnership. Overview of the Hotel industry IN MAURITIUS The cordial reception industry in Mauritius has developed quickly during the past 25 old ages. The coastal parts every bit good as the interior portion of the island are invariably altering with the building of the hotels and the increasing figure of vehicles being used for the touristry industry. In 2007, the touristry industry was considered the 3rd pillar of the economic system after Sugar and Textile, and presently it plays a critical function in the economic growing of the state. The undoubted autumn of 35 % in the monetary value of sugar and the remotion of penchant understanding with the EU market, has earmarked the touristry industry as the chief industry capable of hiking the Mauritanian economic system. In July 2008, harmonizing to the last bulletin published by the Central Statistical Office ( CSO ) , Mauritius welcomed 81,169 tourers as compared to 77,225 in 2007, registering a 5.1 % growing over the same period a twelvemonth ago. Table 1: Monthly tourer reachings, July 2007 July 2008 Beginning: Tourism sector public presentation for the month of July, AHRIM Report, August 2008, pg 2 But after two decennaries of impressive growing, the demand for responsible corporate administration has been felt in the state as the attitudes ; outlook and cognition of those working in that industry have non evolved at the same gait in footings of societal duty and environmental consciousness. Impacts of this rapid and someway unplanned development are being experienced in the environment at big. Still, a batch has to be done to run into the competitory border through proper run and engagement of all stakeholders so as to lend towards sustainable development of the cordial reception sector. In order to back up its uninterrupted growing, the Mauritanian Tourism and Hospitality industry needs well-trained staff with full cognition of their merchandise while esteeming the socio-economic and cultural environment in which the Mauritanian touristry merchandise is germinating. It is truly of import to keep a high criterion of efficiency and service so as to run into the demands of an progressively competitory and sophisticated planetary market. 2.7 CSR in the hotel industry In Mauritius Within the cordial reception industry it has been agreed that there are increasing environmental and social concerns. The large inquiry is how to pull off our environmental impact as demand grows against a background of increasing exposure. As a consequence of demand for more sustainable finishs and travel penchants, direction policies are being felt. Hotels practising CSR expression at the following countries: Workplace ( where employees are treated every bit and reasonably ) Marketplace ( stakeholders ) Environment ( which has to be sustained for the future coevals ) Community Ethical motives Human rights Many hotels are now cognizant of CSR patterns and have begun to utilize environmental-friendly merchandises. Hotels in Mauritius are cut downing the usage of risky or non-degradable chemicals. Large hotel ironss like Oberoi Mauritius recycle oil, H2O and plastic bottles while all hotels with more than 50 suites are compel to recycle H2O as per the statute law. Hotels tend to buy merchandises that have a reduced environmental impact during their life rhythm, from providers that demonstrate environmental and societal duty to their clients and the society. Furthermore, Association des Hoteliers et Restaurateurs de L`Ile Maurice ( AHRIM ) , is to the full back uping the CSR enterprises initiated by the Mauritanian Government. Through its members, they are actively seting frontward the CSR activities on a regional footing all over the island. ( See Appendix 1: Recommended CSR activities by AHRIM to its Members in June 2008 ) . Stakeholders ( employees, clients, stockholders, providers, concern spouses, authorities ) are acquiring more and more involved the hotels CSR activities. Hotel employees are educated to do a witting determination in favor of environment and societal issues in their private and concern lives. Hotel invitees are informed about CSR activities and are asked to take part in responsible concern activities within the hotels and to work together to happen advanced solutions that satisfy the hotel s economic, environmental and societal aims. Directors are asked to stay by local and EU statute law particularly on labour Torahs, wellness and safety, human rights and the environment. A great trade can be done when developing a hotel belongings in order to do both the development procedure and the eventual operation more environmentally sustainable. One of the purposes of CSR is to do the community benefit from the hotel industry. 2.8 Benefits of CSR in the hotel industry Hotels who adopt CSR into their operations and public image depend on the undermentioned factors: Size Degree of variegation Research and Development Ad Government Intervention Consumer Income Labour market conditions Phase of the industry life rhythm However this differs for different hotel organisation, for illustration, larger hotels like international hotel ironss may run a CSR plan at a lower cost than a little hotel because of economic systems of graduated table. It is a method for organisation to separate themselves from their rivals First, hotels benefit from CSR as it helps to cut down runing cost such as implementing of recycling and energy salvaging plans. Second, their trade name image and repute are enhanced as consumers prefer companies with CSR plans. Another benefit derived by hotels is in footings of productiveness and quality since productiveness goes up whenever working conditions improve. Other donees of the CSR plans are immediate environment in which the company is germinating. It comprises of the local community, neighbouring small towns, employees who normally live in those countries, the hotel invitees and the host state at big. Hotels are expected to hold ethical and societal committednesss, valued connexions with spouses and consistence over clip to construct trust with the stakeholders. In making so, the hotel organisations are besides developing social selling construct, hence beneficiate from it.

Free Essays on September 11

Early Tuesday morning I heard my mother’s screams. Jumping up abruptly from bed thinking that something had gone seriously wrong, I ran to the living room where my mom stood in shock. Quickly turning my head I saw the first impact of Flight 11 into Tower 1 of the World Trade Centers. This is not real I thought. How could we let something like this happen? Every sound drained from my ears and all I could hear were of the engines from Flight 11 roaring into Tower 1. The first word that filtered through my mom’s mouth was â€Å"terrorism†. She knew at that moment that it was no accident. One of the darkest days in history had unfolded before my very eyes seeing terrorism, the opportunity of unity, and how I view my life after the attacks. Terrorism is the newest acts of evil that we must all deal with. It is heartbreaking to see children of a third world country whose government has taught them to hate one of the most powerful and united countries in the world. When the news confirmed the attacks in New York were terrorists acts I was filled with fear and anger. It is amazing to see the lengths people will go to execute such detailed plans. I thought that terrorism could not strike at home, but it has happened before and could possibly happen again. All I could do was soak up everything and try to listen to the opinions of others and to see their reactions. Is it a spirit, a way of looking at life, a way of living that cannot be destroyed? Can Terrorism be destroyed? Will the evil live on even if we kill those responsible for this attack? Can we fight against the people who don’t value life? The chance of unity was visible to every American after the attacks had taken place. It seemed that whatever race you are whether you are, African American, White, Hispanic, Muslim, or Asian, we are all the same when dealing with human life. If there is anything that brings the sense of unity out of this nation of individuals, it’s ... Free Essays on September 11 Free Essays on September 11 Early Tuesday morning I heard my mother’s screams. Jumping up abruptly from bed thinking that something had gone seriously wrong, I ran to the living room where my mom stood in shock. Quickly turning my head I saw the first impact of Flight 11 into Tower 1 of the World Trade Centers. This is not real I thought. How could we let something like this happen? Every sound drained from my ears and all I could hear were of the engines from Flight 11 roaring into Tower 1. The first word that filtered through my mom’s mouth was â€Å"terrorism†. She knew at that moment that it was no accident. One of the darkest days in history had unfolded before my very eyes seeing terrorism, the opportunity of unity, and how I view my life after the attacks. Terrorism is the newest acts of evil that we must all deal with. It is heartbreaking to see children of a third world country whose government has taught them to hate one of the most powerful and united countries in the world. When the news confirmed the attacks in New York were terrorists acts I was filled with fear and anger. It is amazing to see the lengths people will go to execute such detailed plans. I thought that terrorism could not strike at home, but it has happened before and could possibly happen again. All I could do was soak up everything and try to listen to the opinions of others and to see their reactions. Is it a spirit, a way of looking at life, a way of living that cannot be destroyed? Can Terrorism be destroyed? Will the evil live on even if we kill those responsible for this attack? Can we fight against the people who don’t value life? The chance of unity was visible to every American after the attacks had taken place. It seemed that whatever race you are whether you are, African American, White, Hispanic, Muslim, or Asian, we are all the same when dealing with human life. If there is anything that brings the sense of unity out of this nation of individuals, it’s ...

President James Madison Fast Facts

President James Madison Fast Facts James Madison (1751-1836) was Americas shortest president standing at only 54. He was very important in the founding of America. He was one of the three authors, including Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, of the Federalist papers which helped persuade states to ratify the Constitution. He was also the Father of the Constitution in that he was influential in its construction and terms.   This article provides a list of fast facts for James Madison. For more in depth information, you can also read the James Madison Biography. Birth: March 16, 1751 Death: June 28, 1836 Term of Office: March 4, 1809-March 3, 1817 Number of Terms Elected: 2 Terms First Lady: Dolley Payne Todd Nickname: Father of the Constitution James Madison Quote: Every word [of the Constitution] decides a question between power and liberty. Major Events While in Office: Non-Intercourse Act (1809-1810)War of 1812 (1812)Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key (1814)Treaty of Ghent (1814)Battle of New Orleans (1814)Hartford Convention (1814-1815)Second Bank of the United States Chartered (1816) States Entering Union While in Office: Louisiana (1812)Indiana (1816) Related James Madison Resources: These additional resources on James Madison can provide you with further information about the president and his times. James Madison BiographyTake a more in depth look at the fourth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. War of 1812 ResourcesThe fledgling United States needed to flex its muscle one more time to convince Great Britain it was truly independent. Read about the people, places, battles, and events that proved to the world America was here to stay. War of 1812 TimelineThis timeline focuses on the events of the War of 1812. US Constitution FactsJames Madison was responsible for drafting much of the US Constitution. Here is an overview of major facts, and key points about this pivotal document. Revolutionary WarThe debate over the Revolutionary War as a true revolution will not be resolved. However, without this struggle America might still be part of the British Empire. Find out about the people, places, and events that shaped the revolution. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Thomas JeffersonJames MonroeList of American Presidents

Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal - Research Paper Example I know what it is when I encounter it through common sense, interpretation and history. Furthermore, I know what it is when I encounter it if I presume that the source of information can be reliable or trusted. This is because I do not judge to know the truth otherwise, and also I do not want to entrust neither to the reality nor to the invalidity of that which I come across. In particular, since the environment can only be viewed through our brain, the things we come across can only be known or interpreted subjectively. Plato’s Myth of the Cave I hold the view that if we as human beings did not have reason then we would not be proficient to live better.   As Plato noted, inside man dwells two very powerful aspects, that is an appetitive aspect and the spirit aspect (Reale 231).   For that reason, the world of ideas was always there, that is why the only approach we can truly make sense of it all involves uncovering by our self. Knowledge cannot be affected any more than i ndividuals can and it is only reason which can help a person to decide. Without reason we take steps in a manner which pay no attention to rational sense. Therefore, the initial step is to recognize that knowledge goes beyond what is simply present in experience, and then recognize that there exist notions which can only be acquired through hard thinking. An example in my life is the Goldfish in my tank, since the Goldfish cannot reason, I usually feed it what it ought to eat and if I give it more food than what it is required, it will continue feeding until it eats a lot than it can withstand and finally die.  Thus, the goldfish does not possess the capability to think, or to reason, and this supports Plato view that the ability for enlightenment rests within the soul and knowledge or education are not issues of native capacity but they are of moving from the cave or generating things to focusing on eternally ideal nature or real things or knowledge . Reason Human nature is defin ed by reason since human beings are not merely in steady interaction with the environment, but also under constant interaction with their inner reality. Therefore, reason entails individual’s reactions to life stresses arising from diverse nature (Velasquez 53). Reason possess higher stature in determining human nature, since it is something that people share with nature itself, even as it connects the apparently immortal aspect humans mind with the universal order. Reason is the natural sovereign which presides over other human parts like spiritedness or emotions. As Aristotle put it, the highest level of human happiness lived consistently, exceptionally and wholly is in agreement with reason. The source of reason is the environment since the human environment offers certain callous demands or incentives, and when their concentration and occurrence are inside the confines of human tolerance, then they can stimulate a person motivation and improve the capacity to make sense o f things (Reale 30). This is because reason is the capability to

Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol Coursework

Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol - Coursework Example The researcher states that it is crucial to delivering the idea behind subnetting via fundamental binary representation yet, a majority of texts are present in binary terms for the procedure of subnetting. This makes subnetting difficult for the students to understand and learn without any tables or reference materials. Therefore, in this article easy, simple and alternative technique is illustrated exclusively of the use of calculators, software, tables, and others in order to understand subnetting. The understanding of binary arithmetic such as powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, †¦.. 8) is necessary. The entire process is easy and simple if the little knowledge regarding binary arithmetic is achieved. In fact, this article is made for the readers who are supposed to have some knowledge regarding the use of subnetting, IP addressing and the function of a subnet mask. Here simple and easy techniques are explained from the short introduction till the detailed discussion re lated to the subnets and hosts, subnet mask calculation, formatting (sub) network ids and the availability of IP addresses for every subnet. This technique is very helpful for the students as, well as the professionals who are seeking an easy way to understand subnetting methods. In recent years the importance of subnetting is revealed in different ways. Therefore, for every learner, it is important to have sound knowledge regarding TCP/IP subnetting. In the routed network, the performance of a network is improved via broadcast domains and by splitting up collisions. The outsized networks can be structured by considering its departmental, geographical, functional and other related partitions. For this reason, the access can be achieved via other routers and can be configured while applying security restrictions. In addition, subnetting also acts as a tool that allows supporting security policies. Since handing over the administrative duties and separating large networks into subnets it is easy for every subnet to manage effortlessly. The WAN link that is joining the two networks needs a router in order to divide a subnet. The capability to recognize network design requires sound knowledge regarding subnetting. Moreover, troubleshooting, diagnosing and problem fixing in TCP/IP internetwork needs proper expertise in subnetting. If the underlying binary mathematics is not understood properly there is a chance of unsuccessful subnetting implementation. Likewise, it is also complicated to understand the fundamentals of subnetting without having familiarity regarding binary arithmetic, logic and binary/decimal conversations. However, in order to plan, design and apply easy subnetting it is possible without underlying binary. 2. Evaluating routing protocols a. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) As per network dictionary it is defined as â€Å"Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a standard for exchange of routing information among gateways and hosts. This protocol is most useful as an â€Å"interior gateway protocol†. It is also knows as Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). Frame Relay protocol is implemented for WAN networks associated with LAN internetworking. It functions on physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model, to endow with robust and efficient mechanism for transmitting data. The transmission encompasses multiple routers and switches.